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Was Jesus a Jew?

There is no foundation in fact for the implications and inferences that Jesus was a Jew. Historical authorities and an abundance of other proofs establish the fact that Jesus was not a Jew.

During His lifetime Jesus was known as a Judean by His contemporaries and referred to Himself as a Judean and not as a Jew. Contemporary historians and theologians of Jesus' day, whose competence to pass upon this subject cannot be challenged by anyone today, referred to Jesus during his lifetime here on earth as a Judean and not as a Jew.

Topic: Jew,Judean,Jesus Christ,pdf,logospedia,lp
Format: pdf
Pages: 16

Victor Paul Wierwille was a Bible scholar and teacher for over four decades.

By means of Dr. Wierwille's dynamic teaching of the accuracy and integrity of God's Word, foundational class and advanced class graduates of Power for Abundant Living have learned that the one great requirement for every student of the Bible is to rightly divide the Word of Truth. Thus, his presentation of the Word of God was designed for students who desire the in-depth-accuracy of God’s Word.

In his many years of research, Dr. Wierwille studied with such men as Karl Barth, E. Stanley Jones, Glenn Clark, Bishop K.C. Pillai, and George M. Lamsa. His formal training included Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Theology degrees from Mission House (Lakeland) College and Seminary. He studied at the University of Chicago and at Princeton Theological Seminary from which he received a Master of Theology degree in Practical Theology. Later he completed his work for the Doctor of Theology degree.

Dr. Wierwille taught the first class on Power for Abundant Living in 1953.

Books by Dr. Wierwille include: Are the Dead Alive Now? published in 1971; Receiving the Holy Spirit Today published in 1972; five volumes of Studies in Abundant Living— The Bible Tells Me So (1971), The New, Dynamic Church (1971), The Word's Way (1971), God's Magnified Word (1977), Order My Steps in Thy Word (1985); Jesus Christ Is Not God (1975); Jesus Christ Our Passover (1980); and Jesus Christ Our Promised Seed (1982).

Dr. Wierwille researched God's Word, taught, wrote, and traveled worldwide, holding forth the accuracy of God's "wonderful, matchless" Word.

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Was Jesus A Jew?
CHAPTER I
There is no foundation in fact for the implications and
inferences that Jesus was a Jew. Historical authorities and an
abundance of other proofs establish the fact that Jesus was not a
Jew.
During His lifetime Jesus was known as a Judean by His
contemporaries and referred to Himself as a Judean and not as a
Jew. Contemporary historians and theologians of Jesus' day, whose
competence to pass upon this subject cannot be challenged by
anyone today, referred to Jesus during his lifetime here on earth as a
Judean and not as a Jew.
Inscribed upon the cross when Jesus was crucified were the
Latin words Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum. Latin was Pontius
Pilate's mother-tongue. No one will question the fact that Pontius
Pilate was well able to accurately express his own ideas in his own
language. The authorities competent to pass upon the correct
translation into English of the Latin Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum
agree that it is "Jesus the Nazarene Ruler of the Judeans."
Jesus was never regarded by Pontius Pilate nor by the Judeans
among whom he dwelt as king of the Jews. Pontius Pilate was ironic
and sarcastic when he ordered inscribed upon the cross the Latin
words Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum. Jesus was being mocked by
Pontius Pilate, for Jesus had been denounced by the Judeans.
Except for his few followers at that time in Judea all other
Judeans abhorred Jesus and detested his teachings and the things for
which he stood. Pontius Pilate was himself the ruler of the Judeans
at the time he ordered inscribed upon the cross the Latin words Iesus
Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum.
Pontius Pilate was the administrator in Judea for the Roman
Empire. The inhabitants of Judea were Judeans to Pontius Pilate and
not so-called Jews as they have been called since the 18th century
only. In the time of Pontius Pilate in history there was no religious,
racial or national group in Judea known as Jews nor had there been
any group so identified anywhere else.
The Latin word rex means ruler or leader. Latin was of course
the official government language in all the provinces administered
by a local administrator of the Roman Empire. This fact accounts for
the inscription in Latin on the cross.
With the invasion of the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxons they
substituted the Anglo-Saxon "king" for the Latin equivalent rex. The
adoption of "king" for rex did not retro-actively alter the meaning of
the Latin rex to the Judeans in the time of Jesus.
In Latin in the life time of Jesus the name of the political
subdivision in the Middle East known in modern history as Palestine
was Iudaea. It was then administered by Pontius Pilate as
administrator for the Roman Empire of which it was then a part. The
English for the Latin Iudaea is Judea. In Latin, Iudaeus is the
adjective for the noun Iudaea. In English Judean is the adjective for
the noun Judea.
In Latin the genitive plural of Iudaeus is Iudaeorum. The
English translation of the genitive plural of Iudaeorum is "of the
Judeans" . Inscribed upon the cross on which Jesus was crucified
was Iudaeorum. It is utterly impossible to give any other English
translation to Iudaeorum than "of the Judeans". It is incredible to
have any other translation into English of Iesus Nazarenus Rex
Iudaeorum than "Jesus the Nazarene Ruler of the Judeans".
At the time Pontius Pilate was ordering the Iesus Nazarenus
Rex Iudaeorum inscribed upon the cross the spiritual leaders of
Judea were protesting to Pontius Pilate, "not to write that Jesus was
the ruler of the Judeans", but to inscribe instead that Jesus "had said
that He was the ruler of the Judeans" (John 19:21). The spiritual
leaders of Judea made strong protests to Pontius Pilate against his
reference to Jesus as Rex Iudaeorum, insisting that Pontius Pilate
was not familiar with or misunderstood the status of Jesus in Judea.
These protests are a matter of historical record.

The English translation of the Greek of the Gospel of John
19:21, reads, "Do not inscribe the monarch, basileus, of the Judeans,
Ioudaios, but that He himself said I am monarch, basileus, of the
Judeans, Ioudaios". Idoudaia in the Greek is "monarch" in English.
Rex is the nearest word in Latin for basileus in Greek. The English
"ruler", or its alternative "leader", define the sense of Latin rex and
Greek basileus.
The word Jew did not come into existence until the year 1775.
Prior to 1775 the word Jew did not exist in any language. Jesus is
referred to as a Jew for the first time in the New Testament in the
18th Century.
The history of the origin of the word Jew in the English
language leaves no doubt that the 18th century Jew is the 18th
century contracted and corrupted English word for the 4th century
Latin Iudaeus found in St. Jerome's Vulgate Edition.
The greatly improved printing presses made possible unlimited
quantities of the New Testament. These revised 18th century
editions of the earlier 14th century first translations into the English
language were then widely distributed throughout England and the
English-speaking world among families who had never possessed a
copy of the New Testament in any language. In these 18th century
editions with revisions the word Jew appeared for the first time in
any English translation. The word Jew as it was used in the 18th
century editions has since continued in use in all editions of the New
Testament in the English language. The use of the word Jew thus
became established, and is so used to this day.
Countless copies of the revised 18th century editions of the
Rheims (Douai) and the King James translations of the New
Testament into English were distributed to clergy and the laity
throughout the English speaking world. They did not know the
history of the origin of the English word “Jew” nor did they care.
They accepted the English word ‘Jew” as the only, and as the
accepted form of the Latin Iudaeus and the Greek Ioudaios. How
could they be expected to have known otherwise? It was a new
English word to them.
The best known 16th century editions of the New Testament in
English are the Rheims (Douai) Edition and the King James
Authorized Edition. The Rheims (Douai) translation of the New
Testament into English was first printed in 1582 but the word Jew
did not appear in it. The King James Authorized translation of the
New Testament into English was begun in 1604 and first published
in 1611. The word Jew did not appear in it. The word Jew appeared
in both these well known editions in their 18th century revised
versions for the first time.
The earliest version of the New Testament in English from the
Latin Vulgate Edition is the Wyclif Edition published in 1380. In the
Wyclif Edition Jesus is mentioned as one of the Iewes. That was the
14th century English version of the Latin Iudaeus and was
pronounced "Hew-weeze", in the plural, and Iewe pronounced "hewwee"
in the singular. In the 1380 Wyclif Edition in English, John
19:19, reads "Ithesus of Nazareth king of the Iewes". Prior to the
14th century the English language adopted the Anglo-Saxon "kyng"
together with many other Anglo-Saxon words in place of the Latin
rex and the Greek basileus.
In the Tyndale Edition of the New Testament in English
published in 1525 Jesus was likewise described as one of the Iewes.
In the Coverdale Edition, the Gospel of John 19:19, reads "Iesus of
Nazareth, Kyng of the Iewes". In the Cranmer Edition published in
1539 Jesus was again described as one of the Iewes. In the Geneva
Edition published in 1540-1557 Jesus was also described as one of
the Iewes. In the Rheims Edition published in 1582 Jesus was
described as one of the Iewes. In the King James Edition published
in 1604-1611, also known as the Authorized Version Jesus was
described again as one of the Iewes. The forms of the Latin Iudaeus
were used which were current at the time these translations were
made.

CHAPTER II
The secondary meanings of words often become the generally
accepted meanings of words formerly having entirely different
meanings.
The generally accepted secondary meaning of the word Jew
today with practically no exceptions is made up of four almost
universally-believed theories. These four theories are that a so-called
Jew is: (1) A person who today professes the form of religious
worship known as Judaism. (2) A person who claims to belong to a
racial group associated with the ancient Semites. (3) A person
directly the descendant of an ancient nation which thrived in
Palestine in Bible history. (4) A person blessed by Divine intentional
design with certain superior cultural characteristics denied to other
racial, religious or national groups.
That Jesus was a Jew in the sense that during His life time Jesus
professed and practiced the form of religious worship known and
practiced under the modern name of “Judaism” is false and
blasphemous. Jesus abhored and denounced the form of religious
worship practiced in Judea in his lifetime and which is known and
practiced today under its new name Judaism. That religious belief
was known as Pharisaism in Jesus' day.
The eminent Rabbi Louis Finkelstein, the head of The Jewish
Theological Seminary of America, often referred to as "The Vatican
of Judaism", in his Foreword to his First Edition of "The Pharisees,
the Sociological Background of Their Faith", on page XXI states: "...
Judaism... Pharisaism became Talmudism, Talmudism became
Medieval Rabbinism, the Medieval Rabbinism became Modern
Rabbinism. But throughout these changes in name...the spirit of the
ancient Pharisees survives, unaltered..."
Rabbi Louis Finkelstein in his classic quoted from above traces
the origin of the form of religious worship practiced today under the
present name "Judaism" to its origin as "Pharisaism" in Judea in the
time of Jesus. Rabbi Finkelstein confirms what Rabbi Adolph Moses
stated in "Yahvism, and other Discourses," in collaboration with
Rabbi H.G. Enelow, published in 1903 by the Louisville Section of
the Council of Jewish Women, in which Rabbi Adolph Moses, on
page 1 states:
"Among the innumerable misfortunes which have befallen in its
consequences is the name of Judaism…Worse still, the Jews
themselves, who have gradually come to call their religion
Judaism...Yet, neither in biblical nor post-biblical, neither in
talmudic, nor in much later times, is the term Judaism ever
heard...IT WAS FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, WRITING FOR THE
INSTRUCTIONS OF GREEKS AND ROMANS, WHO
COINED THE TERM JUDAISM, in order to pit it against
Hellenism...By Hellenism was understood the civilization,
comprising language, poetry, religion, art, science, manners,
customs, institutions, which had spread from Greece, its
original home, over vast regions of Europe, Asia and
Africa...The Christians eagerly seized upon the name… The
Jews themselves, who intensely detested the traitor Josephus,
refrained from reading his works...HENCE THE TERM
JUDAISM COINED BY JOSEPHUS REMAINED
ABSOLUTELY UNKNOWN TO THEM...IT WAS ONLY IN
COMPARATIVELY RECENT TIMES, AFTER THE JEWS
BECAME FAMILIAR WITH MODERN CHRISTIAN
LITERATURE, THAT THEY BEGAN TO NAME THEIR
RELIGION JUDAISM." (emphasis supplied)
The form of religious worship known as Pharisaism in Judea in
the time of Jesus was a religious practice based exclusively upon the
Talmud. The Talmud in the time of Jesus was the Magna Charta, the
Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of
Rights, all rolled into one, for those who practiced Pharisaism.
Rabbi Morris N. Kertzer stated:
"The Talmud consists of 63 books of legal, ethical and
historical writings of the ancient rabbis. It was edited five
centuries after the birth of Jesus. It is a compendium of law and
lore. IT IS THE LEGAL CODE WHICH FORMS THE BASIS
OF JEWISH RELIGIOUS LAW AND IT IS THE TEXTBOOK
USED IN THE TRAINING OF RABBIS."(emphasis supplied)

CHAPTER III
Relentless research has established as equally true that the socalled
Jews in Eastern Europe at no time in their history could be
correctly regarded as the direct lineal descendants of the legendary
lost ten tribes of the Bible. The so-called Jews in Eastern Europe in
modern history cannot legitimately point to a single ancient ancestor
who ever set foot on the soil of Palestine in Bible history. Research
also reveals that the so-called Jews in Eastern Europe were never
Semites, are not Semites now, nor can they ever be regarded as
Semites at any future time by any stretch of the imagination.
Exhaustive research also irrevocably rejects as a fantastic fabrication
the generally accepted belief by Christians that the so-called Jews in
Eastern Europe are the legendary Chosen People so vocally
publicized by some of the Christian clergy from their pulpits.
In the 1st Century B.C. the Khazars had invaded Eastern Europe
from their homeland in Asia. The Khazars invaded Eastern Europe
via the land route between the north end of the Caspian Sea and the
South end of the Ural Mountains. The Khazars were not Semites.
They were an Asiatic Mongolic nation. They are classified by
modern anthropologists as Turco-Finns racially. The homeland of
the Khazars was in the heart of Asia. They were a very warlike
nation. The Khazars were driven out of Asia by the nations in Asia
with whom they were continually at war. The Khazars invaded
Eastern Europe to escape further defeats in Asia. The very warlike
Khazars did not find it difficult to subdue and conquer the 25
peaceful agricultural nations occupying approximately 1,000,000
square miles in Eastern Europe. In a comparatively short period the
Khazars established the largest and most powerful kingdom in
Europe.
Why and how has the origin and history of the Khazars and
Khazar Kingdom been so well concealed from the world for so
many centuries? Their relationship to the origin and early history of
the so-called Jews in Eastern Europe was one of history's best kept
secrets until recent years.

The Khazars were a pagan nation when they invaded Eastern
Europe. Their religious worship was a mixture of phallic worship
and other forms of idolatrous worship practiced in Asia by pagan
nations. This form of worship continued until the 7th century. The
vile forms of sexual excesses indulged in by the Khazars as their
form of religious worship produced a degree of moral degeneracy
the Khazar’s king could not endure. In the 7th century King Bulan,
ruler at that time of the Khazar Kingdom, decided to abolish the
practice of phallic worship and other forms of idolatrous worship
and make one of the three monotheistic religions, about which he
knew very little, the new state religion. After a historic session with
representatives of the three monotheistic religions King Bulan
decided against Christianity and Islam and selected as the future
state religion of the Khazar Kingdom the religious worship then
known as Talmudism, and now known and practiced as Judaism.
King Bulan and 4,000 feudal nobles were promptly converted
by rabbis imported from Babylonia for that event. Phallic worship
and other forms of idolatry were thereafter forbidden. The Khazar
king invited large numbers of rabbis to come and open synagogues
and schools to instruct the population in the new form of religious
worship. It was now the state religion. The converted Khazars were
the first population of so-called JEWS in Eastern Europe.
The following is from Volume IV, pages 1 to 5, of the Jewish
Encyclopedia. The Jewish Encyclopedia refers to the Khazars as
"Chazars". The two spellings are optional according to the best
authorities.
"CHAZARS: A people of Turkish origin whose life and history
are interwoven with THE VERY BEGINNINGS OF THE
HISTORY OF THE JEWS OF RUSSIA . .. driven on by the
nomadic tribes of the steppes and by THEIR OWN DESIRE
FOR PLUNDER AND REVENGE.. .In the second half of the
sixth century the Chazars moved west ward...The kingdom of
the Chazars was firmly established in MOST OF SOUTH
RUSSIA LONG BEFORE THE FOUNDATION OF THE
RUSSIAN MONARCH BY THE VARANGIANS (855) . . .At
this time the kingdom of the Chazars stood at the height of its
power AND WAS CONSTANTLY AT WAR. ..At the end of
the 8th century. . .the chagan (king) of the Chazars and his
grandees, TOGETHER WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF HIS
HEATHEN PEOPLE, EMBRACED THE JEWISH RELIGION.
. .The Jewish population in the entire domain of the
Chazars, in the period between the seventh and tenth centuries,
MUST HAVE BEEN CONSIDERABLE. . .about THE NINTH
CENTURY, IT APPEARS AS IF ALL THE CHAZARS
WERE JEWS AND THAT THEY HAD BEEN CONVERTED
TO JUDAISM ONLY A SHORT TIME BEFORE. . .It was one
of the successors of Bulan named Obadiah who regenerated the
kingdom and STRENGTHENED THE JEWISH RELIGION.
He invited Jewish scholars to settle in his dominions, and
founded SYNAGOGUES AND SCHOOLS. The people were
instructed in the Bible, Mishnah, and the TALMUD and in the
'divine service of the hazzanism'. . .In their writings the
CHAZARS USED THE HEBREW LETTERS. . .THE
CHAZAR LANGUAGES PREDOMINATED. .. Obadiah was
succeeded by his son Hezekiah; the latter by his son Manasseh;
Manasseh by Hanukkah, a brother of Obadiah; Hanukkah by his
son Isaac; Isaac by his son Moses (or Manasseh II); the latter by
his son Nisi; and Nisi by his son Aaron II. King Joseph himself
was a son of Aaron, AND ASCENDED THE THRONE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW OF THE CHAZARS
RELATING TO SUCCESSION. ..The king and twenty-five
wives, all of royal blood, and sixty concubines, all famous
beauties. Each one slept in a separate tent and was also watched
by a eunuch...THIS SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN THE
BEGINNING OF THE DOWNFALL OF THE CHAZAR
KINGDOM. . .The Russians Varangians established themselves
at Kiev until the final conquest of the Chazars by the Russians...
After a hard fight the Russians conquered the Chazars... Four
years later the Russians conquered all the Chazarian territory
east of the Azov... Many members of the Chazarian royal
family emigrated to Spain...Some went to Hungary, BUT THE
GREAT MASS OF THE PEOPLE REMAINED IN THEIR
NATIVE COUNTRY."
The greatest historian on the origin and the history of the socalled
Jews in Eastern Europe was Professor Heinrich Graetz, He
points out in his famous "History of the Jews" that when so-called
Jews in other countries heard a rumor about so-called Jews in the
Khazar Kingdom they believed these converted Khazars to be the
lost ten tribes. These rumors were no doubt responsible for the
legend which states that Palestine was the homeland of the converted
Khazars. On page 141 in his "History of the Jews" Professor H.
Graetz states:
"The Chazars professed a coarse religion, which was combined
with sensuality and lewdness. . .After Obadiah came a long
series of Jewish Chagans (kings), for ACCORDING TO A
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF THE STATE ONLY JEWISH
RULERS WERE PERMITTED TO ASCEND THE THRONE.
.. For some time THE JEWS OF OTHER COUNTRIES HAD
NO KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONVERSION OF THIS
POWERFUL KINGDOM TO JUDAISM, and when at last a
vague rumor to this effect reached them, THEY WERE OF
THE OPINION THAT CHAZARIA WAS PEOPLED BY THE
REMNANT OF THE FORMER TEN TRIBES."
When the Khazars in the 1st Century B.C. invaded Eastern
Europe their mother-tongue was an Asiatic language, referred to in
the Jewish Encyclopedia as the "Khazar language". They were
primitive Asiatic dialects without any alphabet or any written form.
When King Bulan was converted in the 7th Century he decreed that
the Hebrew characters he saw in the Talmud and other Hebrew
documents were to become the alphabet for the Khazar language.
The Hebrew characters were adapted to the phonetics of the spoken
Khazar language. The Khazars adopted the characters of the socalled
Hebrew language in order to provide a means for providing a
written record of their speech. The adoption of the Hebrew
characters had no racial, political or religious implication.
Since the conquest of the Khazars by the Russians and the
disappearance of the Khazar Kingdom the language of the Khazars
is known as Yiddish. For about six centuries the so-called Jews of
Eastern Europe have referred to themselves while still resident in
their native Eastern European countries as Yiddish by nationality.
They identified themselves as Yiddish rather than as Russian, Polish,
Galician, Lithuanian, Rumanian, Hungarian or by the nation of
which they were citizens. They also referred to the common
language they all spoke as Yiddish.
Before it became known as the Yiddish language, the mother11
tongue of the Khazars added many words to its limited ancient
vocabulary as necessity required. These words were acquired from
the languages of its neighboring nations with whom they had
political, social or economic relations. Languages of all nations add
to their vocabularies in the same way. The Khazars adapted words to
their requirements from the German, the Slavonic and the Baltic
languages. The Germans had a much more advanced civilization
than their Khazar neighbors and the Khazars sent their children to
German schools and universities.
The Yiddish language is not a German dialect. Many people are
led to believe so because Yiddish has borrowed so many words from
the German language. If Yiddish is a German dialect acquired from
the Germans then what language did the Khazars speak for the 1,000
years they existed in Eastern Europe before they acquired culture
from the Germans? The Khazars must have spoken some language
when they invaded Eastern Europe. What was that language? When
did they discard it? How did the entire Khazar population discard
one language and adopt another all of a sudden? The idea is too
absurd to discuss. Yiddish is the modern name for the ancient
mother-tongue of the Khazars with added German, Slavonic and
Baltic words.
Yiddish must not be confused with "Hebrew" because they both
use the same characters in their alphabets. There is not a word of
Yiddish in ancient Hebrew nor is there one word of ancient Hebrew
in Yiddish. It must not be confused with words like Jewish.
Directly north of the Khazar Kingdom at the height of its power
a small Slavic state was organized in 820 A.D. on the south shore of
the Gulf of Finland. This infant nation was even smaller than our
state of Delaware. This newly-born state however, was the embryo
which developed into the Russian Empire.
During the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th centuries the rapidly
expanding Russian nation gradually swallowed up the Khazar
Kingdom, its neighbor directly to the south. The conquest of the
Khazar Kingdom by the Russians supplies history with the
explanation for the presence after the 13th century of the large
number of so-called Jews in Russia and in Europe. After the
destruction of the Khazar Kingdom they were thereafter no longer
known as Khazars but as the Yiddish populations of these many
countries. They so refer to themselves today.
Their common language, their common culture, their common
religion, and their common racial characteristics classify them all
beyond any question of doubt with the Khazars who invaded Eastern
Europe in the last century B.C. and were converted to Talmudism in
the 7th century.

CHAPTER IV
Talmudism, the civil and religious code of the Pharisees, most
likely would have disappeared with all its contemporary creeds and
cults but for the conversion of the Khazars to Talmudism in the 7th
century. At that time Talmudism was well on its way towards
complete oblivion.
In Russia at that period in history it was the custom as in other
Christian countries in Europe at that time to take an oath, vow or
pledge of loyalty to the rulers, the nobles, the feudal landholders and
others in the Name of Jesus Christ. It was after the conquest of the
Khazars by the Russians that the wording of the Kol Nidre, All
Vows prayer was altered. The new altered version of the Kol Nidre,
All Vows prayer is referred to in the Talmud as "the law of
revocation in advance". The Kol Nidre, All Vows prayer was
regarded as a law. The effect of this "LAW OF REVOCATION IN
ADVANCE" obtained for all, who recited it each year on the Eve of
the Day of Atonement, divine dispensation from all obligations
acquired under oaths, vows and pledges to be made or taken in the
COMING YEAR. The recital of the Kol Nidre, All Vows prayer on
the eve of the Day of Atonement released those so-called Jews from
any obligation under oaths, vows or pledges entered into during the
NEXT TWELVE MONTHS.
The altered version of the Kol Nidre created serious difficulties
for the so-called Jews when its wording became public property. It
apparently did not remain a secret very long, although the Talmud
states "the law of revocation in advance was not made public". The
altered version of the Kol Nidre soon became known as the "Jews
Vow" and cast serious doubt upon oaths, vows or pledges given to
Christians by so-called Jews. Christians know that oaths, vows or
pledges are worthless when given by Jews. This was the basis for socalled
"discrimination" by governments, nobles, feudal landholders
and others who required oaths of allegiance and loyalty from those
who entered their service.

SOURCE MATERIAL USED
Jewish Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Britannica
"Facts are Facts" by Benjamin H. Freedman
Others listed in the Script